Metformin: Dosage, Benefits, and Common Side Effects

Metformin: Dosage, Benefits, and Common Side Effects

Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral medication for managing type 2 diabetes. As part of the biguanide class, it works by lowering blood sugar levels primarily through the suppression of glucose production in the liver. It is often the first-line treatment due to its effectiveness, affordability, and minimal risk of causing hypoglycemia.

How Metformin Works

Metformin improves the body’s sensitivity to insulin and reduces hepatic glucose output. Unlike insulin injections, it doesn’t directly increase insulin secretion, which lowers the risk of low blood sugar episodes. This makes it especially suitable for newly diagnosed patients.

Metformin blood sugar monitoring for type 2 diabetes

Typical Dosage and Forms

  • Initial dose: 500 mg once or twice daily with meals
  • Maintenance dose: Up to 2,000 mg/day divided into two or three doses
  • Extended-release (XR) options available for improved gastrointestinal tolerance

Key Benefits of Metformin

  • Effective Blood Sugar Control: Lowers HbA1c levels by 1-2%
  • Weight-Neutral or Slight Loss: Helps prevent weight gain, unlike other antidiabetics
  • Cardiovascular Benefit: Evidence suggests reduction in cardiovascular complications
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Commonly prescribed off-label for PCOS-related insulin resistance

Common Side Effects

Most patients tolerate metformin well, but side effects can include:

  • Nausea or upset stomach
  • Diarrhea, especially at higher doses
  • Metallic taste in the mouth

In rare cases, lactic acidosis may occur, particularly in patients with kidney or liver issues. Regular monitoring is recommended for long-term users.

Important Precautions

Patients with severe kidney dysfunction or liver disease should not take metformin. It’s also temporarily discontinued before imaging procedures involving contrast dye to prevent renal complications.

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Conclusion

Metformin continues to be a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment. Its strong track record, low cost, and wide availability make it a top choice among healthcare providers. Always follow medical advice for proper dosage and monitoring.